Edit file File name : type.html Content : <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title>Type Objects — Python 3.10.12 documentation</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css?2022.1" /> <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.10.12 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="The None Object" href="none.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Concrete Objects Layer" href="concrete.html" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3.10/html/c-api/type.html" /> <style> @media only screen { table.full-width-table { width: 100%; 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margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li class="switchers"> <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div> <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div> </li> <li> </li> <li id="cpython-language-and-version"> <a href="../index.html">3.10.12 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python/C API Reference Manual</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="concrete.html" accesskey="U">Concrete Objects Layer</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Type Objects</a></li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="type-objects"> <span id="typeobjects"></span><h1>Type Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#type-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><dl class="c type"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyTypeObject"> <span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Limited API</span></a> (as an opaque struct).</em><p>The C structure of the objects used to describe built-in types.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c var"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Type"> <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Type</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>This is the type object for type objects; it is the same object as <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#type" title="type"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code></a> in the Python layer.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Check"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Check</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Return non-zero if the object <em>o</em> is a type object, including instances of types derived from the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_CheckExact"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_CheckExact</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_CheckExact" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Return non-zero if the object <em>o</em> is a type object, but not a subtype of the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_ClearCache"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">unsigned</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_ClearCache</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_ClearCache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Clear the internal lookup cache. Return the current version tag.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_GetFlags"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">unsigned</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">long</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_GetFlags</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_GetFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_flags</span></code></a> member of <em>type</em>. This function is primarily meant for use with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_LIMITED_API</span></code>; the individual flag bits are guaranteed to be stable across Python releases, but access to <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_flags</span></code></a> itself is not part of the limited API.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>The return type is now <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unsigned</span> <span class="pre">long</span></code> rather than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span></code>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Modified"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Modified</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Modified" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Invalidate the internal lookup cache for the type and all of its subtypes. This function must be called after any manual modification of the attributes or base classes of the type.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_HasFeature"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_HasFeature</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">feature</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_HasFeature" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Return non-zero if the type object <em>o</em> sets the feature <em>feature</em>. Type features are denoted by single bit flags.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_IS_GC"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_IS_GC</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_IS_GC" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle detector; this tests the type flag <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_IsSubtype"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_IsSubtype</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_IsSubtype" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return true if <em>a</em> is a subtype of <em>b</em>.</p> <p>This function only checks for actual subtypes, which means that <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#class.__subclasscheck__" title="class.__subclasscheck__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__subclasscheck__()</span></code></a> is not called on <em>b</em>. Call <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_IsSubclass" title="PyObject_IsSubclass"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_IsSubclass()</span></code></a> to do the same check that <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#issubclass" title="issubclass"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">issubclass()</span></code></a> would do.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_GenericAlloc"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_GenericAlloc</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">nitems</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_GenericAlloc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Generic handler for the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_alloc" title="PyTypeObject.tp_alloc"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_alloc</span></code></a> slot of a type object. Use Python’s default memory allocation mechanism to allocate a new instance and initialize all its contents to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_GenericNew"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_GenericNew</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwds</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_GenericNew" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Generic handler for the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_new" title="PyTypeObject.tp_new"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_new</span></code></a> slot of a type object. Create a new instance using the type’s <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_alloc" title="PyTypeObject.tp_alloc"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_alloc</span></code></a> slot.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Ready"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Ready</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Ready" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Finalize a type object. This should be called on all type objects to finish their initialization. This function is responsible for adding inherited slots from a type’s base class. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success, or return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> and sets an exception on error.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="admonition-title">Note</p> <p>If some of the base classes implements the GC protocol and the provided type does not include the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> in its flags, then the GC protocol will be automatically implemented from its parents. On the contrary, if the type being created does include <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> in its flags then it <strong>must</strong> implement the GC protocol itself by at least implementing the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handle.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_GetSlot"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_GetSlot</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">slot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_GetSlot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.4.</em><p>Return the function pointer stored in the given slot. If the result is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, this indicates that either the slot is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, or that the function was called with invalid parameters. Callers will typically cast the result pointer into the appropriate function type.</p> <p>See <code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_Slot.slot</span></code> for possible values of the <em>slot</em> argument.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_GetSlot" title="PyType_GetSlot"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_GetSlot()</span></code></a> can now accept all types. Previously, it was limited to <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#heap-types"><span class="std std-ref">heap types</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_GetModule"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_GetModule</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_GetModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.10.</em><p>Return the module object associated with the given type when the type was created using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_FromModuleAndSpec" title="PyType_FromModuleAndSpec"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>If no module is associated with the given type, sets <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> and returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p> <p>This function is usually used to get the module in which a method is defined. Note that in such a method, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(self))</span></code> may not return the intended result. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TYPE(self)</span></code> may be a <em>subclass</em> of the intended class, and subclasses are not necessarily defined in the same module as their superclass. See <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyCMethod" title="PyCMethod"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCMethod</span></code></a> to get the class that defines the method.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_GetModuleState"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_GetModuleState</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_GetModuleState" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.10.</em><p>Return the state of the module object associated with the given type. This is a shortcut for calling <a class="reference internal" href="module.html#c.PyModule_GetState" title="PyModule_GetState"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetState()</span></code></a> on the result of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_GetModule" title="PyType_GetModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_GetModule()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>If no module is associated with the given type, sets <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> and returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p> <p>If the <em>type</em> has an associated module but its state is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> without setting an exception.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <section id="creating-heap-allocated-types"> <h2>Creating Heap-Allocated Types<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-heap-allocated-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The following functions and structs are used to create <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#heap-types"><span class="std std-ref">heap types</span></a>.</p> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_FromModuleAndSpec"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_FromModuleAndSpec</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">module</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_Spec" title="PyType_Spec"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">spec</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">bases</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_FromModuleAndSpec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.10.</em><p>Creates and returns a <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#heap-types"><span class="std std-ref">heap type</span></a> from the <em>spec</em> (<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE</span></code></a>).</p> <p>The <em>bases</em> argument can be used to specify base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. If <em>bases</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, the <em>Py_tp_bases</em> slot is used instead. If that also is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, the <em>Py_tp_base</em> slot is used instead. If that also is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, the new type derives from <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#object" title="object"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The <em>module</em> argument can be used to record the module in which the new class is defined. It must be a module object or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>. If not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, the module is associated with the new type and can later be retrieved with <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_GetModule" title="PyType_GetModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_GetModule()</span></code></a>. The associated module is not inherited by subclasses; it must be specified for each class individually.</p> <p>This function calls <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_Ready" title="PyType_Ready"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_Ready()</span></code></a> on the new type.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>The function now accepts a single class as the <em>bases</em> argument and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> as the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_doc</span></code> slot.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_FromSpecWithBases"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_FromSpecWithBases</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_Spec" title="PyType_Spec"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">spec</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">bases</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_FromSpecWithBases" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.3.</em><p>Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(NULL,</span> <span class="pre">spec,</span> <span class="pre">bases)</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_FromSpec"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_FromSpec</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_Spec" title="PyType_Spec"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">spec</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_FromSpec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_FromSpecWithBases(spec,</span> <span class="pre">NULL)</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c type"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Spec"> <span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Spec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> (including all members).</em><p>Structure defining a type’s behavior.</p> <dl class="c member"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.name"> <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">.</span></span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Name of the type, used to set <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_name" title="PyTypeObject.tp_name"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject.tp_name</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c member"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.basicsize"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">.</span></span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">basicsize</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.basicsize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl class="c member"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.itemsize"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">.</span></span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">itemsize</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.itemsize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Size of the instance in bytes, used to set <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize" title="PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize" title="PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c member"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.flags"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">.</span></span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">flags</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Type flags, used to set <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject.tp_flags</span></code></a>.</p> <p>If the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE</span></code> flag is not set, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_FromSpecWithBases" title="PyType_FromSpecWithBases"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_FromSpecWithBases()</span></code></a> sets it automatically.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c member"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.slots"> <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_Slot" title="PyType_Slot"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Slot</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">.</span></span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">slots</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Spec.PyType_Spec.slots" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Array of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_Slot" title="PyType_Slot"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_Slot</span></code></a> structures. Terminated by the special slot value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{0,</span> <span class="pre">NULL}</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <dl class="c type"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Slot"> <span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Slot</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Slot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> (including all members).</em><p>Structure defining optional functionality of a type, containing a slot ID and a value pointer.</p> <dl class="c member"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Slot.PyType_Slot.slot"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Slot</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">.</span></span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">slot</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Slot.PyType_Slot.slot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><blockquote> <div><p>A slot ID.</p> <p>Slot IDs are named like the field names of the structures <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyNumberMethods" title="PyNumberMethods"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumberMethods</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PySequenceMethods" title="PySequenceMethods"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PySequenceMethods</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyMappingMethods" title="PyMappingMethods"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMappingMethods</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyAsyncMethods" title="PyAsyncMethods"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyAsyncMethods</span></code></a> with an added <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_</span></code> prefix. For example, use:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_tp_dealloc</span></code> to set <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc" title="PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc</span></code></a></p></li> <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_nb_add</span></code> to set <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyNumberMethods.nb_add" title="PyNumberMethods.nb_add"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumberMethods.nb_add</span></code></a></p></li> <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_sq_length</span></code> to set <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PySequenceMethods.sq_length" title="PySequenceMethods.sq_length"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PySequenceMethods.sq_length</span></code></a></p></li> </ul> <p>The following fields cannot be set at all using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_Spec" title="PyType_Spec"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></code></a> and <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_Slot</span></code>:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dict" title="PyTypeObject.tp_dict"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_dict</span></code></a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_mro" title="PyTypeObject.tp_mro"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_mro</span></code></a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_cache" title="PyTypeObject.tp_cache"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_cache</span></code></a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses" title="PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_subclasses</span></code></a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_weaklist" title="PyTypeObject.tp_weaklist"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_weaklist</span></code></a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall" title="PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_vectorcall</span></code></a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_weaklistoffset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_weaklistoffset"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_weaklistoffset</span></code></a> (see <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#pymemberdef-offsets"><span class="std std-ref">PyMemberDef</span></a>)</p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dictoffset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_dictoffset"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_dictoffset</span></code></a> (see <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#pymemberdef-offsets"><span class="std std-ref">PyMemberDef</span></a>)</p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_vectorcall_offset</span></code></a> (see <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#pymemberdef-offsets"><span class="std std-ref">PyMemberDef</span></a>)</p></li> </ul> <p>The following fields cannot be set using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyType_Spec" title="PyType_Spec"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_Spec</span></code></a> and <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_Slot</span></code> under the limited API:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyBufferProcs.bf_getbuffer" title="PyBufferProcs.bf_getbuffer"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bf_getbuffer</span></code></a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyBufferProcs.bf_releasebuffer" title="PyBufferProcs.bf_releasebuffer"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bf_releasebuffer</span></code></a></p></li> </ul> <p>Setting <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_tp_bases</span></code> or <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_tp_base</span></code> may be problematic on some platforms. To avoid issues, use the <em>bases</em> argument of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_FromSpecWithBases()</span></code> instead.</p> </div></blockquote> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.9: </span>Slots in <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyBufferProcs" title="PyBufferProcs"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBufferProcs</span></code></a> may be set in the unlimited API.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c member"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyType_Slot.PyType_Slot.pfunc"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyType_Slot</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">.</span></span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pfunc</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyType_Slot.PyType_Slot.pfunc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>The desired value of the slot. In most cases, this is a pointer to a function.</p> <p>Slots other than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_tp_doc</span></code> may not be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </section> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Type Objects</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-heap-allocated-types">Creating Heap-Allocated Types</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="concrete.html" title="previous chapter">Concrete Objects Layer</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="none.html" title="next chapter">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> Object</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.10/Doc/c-api/type.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="none.html" title="The None Object" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="concrete.html" title="Concrete Objects Layer" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li class="switchers"> <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div> <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div> </li> <li> </li> <li id="cpython-language-and-version"> <a href="../index.html">3.10.12 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python/C API Reference Manual</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="concrete.html" >Concrete Objects Layer</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Type Objects</a></li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2025, Python Software Foundation. <br /> This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. <br /> Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. <br /> See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.<br /> <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> <br /> Last updated on February 04, 2025. <a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 4.3.2. </div> </body> </html> Save