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This is the same object as <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a> in the Python layer.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Check"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Check</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Return true if <em>p</em> is a dict object or an instance of a subtype of the dict type. This function always succeeds.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_CheckExact"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_CheckExact</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_CheckExact" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><p>Return true if <em>p</em> is a dict object, but not an instance of a subtype of the dict type. This function always succeeds.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_New"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_New</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_New" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a new empty dictionary, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDictProxy_New"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDictProxy_New</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">mapping</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDictProxy_New" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/types.html#types.MappingProxyType" title="types.MappingProxyType"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types.MappingProxyType</span></code></a> object for a mapping which enforces read-only behavior. This is normally used to create a view to prevent modification of the dictionary for non-dynamic class types.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Clear"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Clear</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Empty an existing dictionary of all key-value pairs.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Contains"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Contains</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Contains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Determine if dictionary <em>p</em> contains <em>key</em>. If an item in <em>p</em> is matches <em>key</em>, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>, otherwise return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>. On error, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>. This is equivalent to the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">p</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Copy"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Copy</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Copy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a new dictionary that contains the same key-value pairs as <em>p</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_SetItem"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_SetItem</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">val</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_SetItem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Insert <em>val</em> into the dictionary <em>p</em> with a key of <em>key</em>. <em>key</em> must be <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-hashable"><span class="xref std std-term">hashable</span></a>; if it isn’t, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> will be raised. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure. This function <em>does not</em> steal a reference to <em>val</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_SetItemString"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_SetItemString</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">val</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_SetItemString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p id="index-1">Insert <em>val</em> into the dictionary <em>p</em> using <em>key</em> as a key. <em>key</em> should be a <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">*</span></span>. The key object is created using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_FromString(key)</span></code>. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure. This function <em>does not</em> steal a reference to <em>val</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_DelItem"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_DelItem</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_DelItem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Remove the entry in dictionary <em>p</em> with key <em>key</em>. <em>key</em> must be <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-hashable"><span class="xref std std-term">hashable</span></a>; if it isn’t, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> is raised. If <em>key</em> is not in the dictionary, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> is raised. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_DelItemString"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_DelItemString</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_DelItemString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Remove the entry in dictionary <em>p</em> which has a key specified by the string <em>key</em>. If <em>key</em> is not in the dictionary, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> is raised. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_GetItem"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_GetItem</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_GetItem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: Borrowed reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the object from dictionary <em>p</em> which has a key <em>key</em>. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> if the key <em>key</em> is not present, but <em>without</em> setting an exception.</p> <p>Note that exceptions which occur while calling <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__eq__()</span></code> methods will get suppressed. To get error reporting use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyDict_GetItemWithError" title="PyDict_GetItemWithError"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyDict_GetItemWithError()</span></code></a> instead.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>Calling this API without <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-GIL"><span class="xref std std-term">GIL</span></a> held had been allowed for historical reason. It is no longer allowed.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_GetItemWithError"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_GetItemWithError</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_GetItemWithError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: Borrowed reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Variant of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyDict_GetItem" title="PyDict_GetItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyDict_GetItem()</span></code></a> that does not suppress exceptions. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> <strong>with</strong> an exception set if an exception occurred. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> <strong>without</strong> an exception set if the key wasn’t present.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_GetItemString"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_GetItemString</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_GetItemString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: Borrowed reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>This is the same as <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyDict_GetItem" title="PyDict_GetItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyDict_GetItem()</span></code></a>, but <em>key</em> is specified as a <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">*</span></span>, rather than a <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span>.</p> <p>Note that exceptions which occur while calling <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__eq__()</span></code> methods and creating a temporary string object will get suppressed. To get error reporting use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyDict_GetItemWithError" title="PyDict_GetItemWithError"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyDict_GetItemWithError()</span></code></a> instead.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_SetDefault"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_SetDefault</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">defaultobj</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_SetDefault" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: Borrowed reference.</em><p>This is the same as the Python-level <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#dict.setdefault" title="dict.setdefault"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.setdefault()</span></code></a>. If present, it returns the value corresponding to <em>key</em> from the dictionary <em>p</em>. If the key is not in the dict, it is inserted with value <em>defaultobj</em> and <em>defaultobj</em> is returned. This function evaluates the hash function of <em>key</em> only once, instead of evaluating it independently for the lookup and the insertion.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Items"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Items</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Items" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="list.html#c.PyListObject" title="PyListObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyListObject</span></code></a> containing all the items from the dictionary.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Keys"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Keys</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="list.html#c.PyListObject" title="PyListObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyListObject</span></code></a> containing all the keys from the dictionary.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Values"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Values</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Values" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="list.html#c.PyListObject" title="PyListObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyListObject</span></code></a> containing all the values from the dictionary <em>p</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Size"> <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Size</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p id="index-2">Return the number of items in the dictionary. This is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">len(p)</span></code> on a dictionary.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Next"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Next</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">ppos</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">pkey</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">pvalue</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Next" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Iterate over all key-value pairs in the dictionary <em>p</em>. The <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></code></a> referred to by <em>ppos</em> must be initialized to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> prior to the first call to this function to start the iteration; the function returns true for each pair in the dictionary, and false once all pairs have been reported. The parameters <em>pkey</em> and <em>pvalue</em> should either point to <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> variables that will be filled in with each key and value, respectively, or may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>. Any references returned through them are borrowed. <em>ppos</em> should not be altered during iteration. Its value represents offsets within the internal dictionary structure, and since the structure is sparse, the offsets are not consecutive.</p> <p>For example:</p> <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="n">Py_ssize_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyDict_Next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* do something interesting with the values... */</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The dictionary <em>p</em> should not be mutated during iteration. It is safe to modify the values of the keys as you iterate over the dictionary, but only so long as the set of keys does not change. For example:</p> <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="n">Py_ssize_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyDict_Next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyLong_AsLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyErr_Occurred</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyLong_FromLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyDict_SetItem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Merge"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Merge</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">override</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Merge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Iterate over mapping object <em>b</em> adding key-value pairs to dictionary <em>a</em>. <em>b</em> may be a dictionary, or any object supporting <a class="reference internal" href="mapping.html#c.PyMapping_Keys" title="PyMapping_Keys"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMapping_Keys()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_GetItem" title="PyObject_GetItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GetItem()</span></code></a>. If <em>override</em> is true, existing pairs in <em>a</em> will be replaced if a matching key is found in <em>b</em>, otherwise pairs will only be added if there is not a matching key in <em>a</em>. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if an exception was raised.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_Update"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_Update</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_Update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>This is the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyDict_Merge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b,</span> <span class="pre">1)</span></code> in C, and is similar to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a.update(b)</span></code> in Python except that <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyDict_Update" title="PyDict_Update"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyDict_Update()</span></code></a> doesn’t fall back to the iterating over a sequence of key value pairs if the second argument has no “keys” attribute. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if an exception was raised.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="c function"> <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyDict_MergeFromSeq2"> <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyDict_MergeFromSeq2</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">seq2</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">override</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyDict_MergeFromSeq2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt> <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Update or merge into dictionary <em>a</em>, from the key-value pairs in <em>seq2</em>. <em>seq2</em> must be an iterable object producing iterable objects of length 2, viewed as key-value pairs. In case of duplicate keys, the last wins if <em>override</em> is true, else the first wins. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if an exception was raised. Equivalent Python (except for the return value):</p> <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyDict_MergeFromSeq2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">seq2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">override</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">seq2</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"></span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="list.html" title="previous chapter">List Objects</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="set.html" title="next chapter">Set Objects</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.10/Doc/c-api/dict.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="set.html" title="Set Objects" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="list.html" title="List Objects" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li class="switchers"> <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div> <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div> </li> <li> </li> <li id="cpython-language-and-version"> <a href="../index.html">3.10.12 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python/C API Reference Manual</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="concrete.html" >Concrete Objects Layer</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Dictionary Objects</a></li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2025, Python Software Foundation. <br /> This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. <br /> Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. <br /> See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.<br /> <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> <br /> Last updated on February 04, 2025. <a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 4.3.2. </div> </body> </html>